Use of ser and estar with the past participle
Both ser and estar are used with the past participle of the verb.
Passive sentences have ser plus the past participle and usually have the agent phrase, por plus the person/object who performed the action.
Sentences have estar plus the past participle to express the result of an action and don’t have an agent phrase introduced by por.
- La torta fue hecho por el cocinero. The cake was made by the chef.
- La torta estaba hecha. The cake was made (done, completed, finished).
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- enchufar / la nevera Se enchufará la nevera.
- encender / las lámparas Se encendarán las lámparas.
- guardar / las cajas Se guardarán las cajas.
- meter / las sábanas / en el armario Se meterán las sábanas en el armario.